Multiple theories of motivation in organisational behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1497 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Firstly I believe that we need to understand what motivation is before we can understand why there are lots of motivational theories. Motivation comes from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (kreitner R., kinicki A., Buelens M., 2002, p: 176) which means as fact, need, emotion and organic state which encourages a person to take an action. A persons performance at work is affected by several individual factors (Personality, attitudes and beliefs, motivation, perception) but in particular, by Motivation. The dictionary defines motivation as the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, 2000, p1128). Many theorists over the years starting from the industrial revolution have analysed what makes workers work harder. This essay will illustrate why there are multiple theories of motivation I will be looking at two theories Maslows hierarchy and Hertzbergs two factor theories to try to determine why there is a need to have so many theories of motivation. Many organisations face difficulties when trying to motivate their staff. If the employees are motivated the company is likely to be more successful. To be able to understand motivation and the way it works, we have to understand human nature itself, managers also need to understand the work effort motivation cycle as to not loose there staff to more exciting rewarding and satisfying roles else were.( French, R., et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour p157) There has to be effective management and leadership to motivate staff. Many companies believe that pay is the prime motivator; however people may want to exceed, receive acknowledgment for there efforts, they may want to feel a part of a group and also want to feel a heightened sense of worth at the workplace. This is where empowerment plays a very important part in a companys progression. ( French, R., et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour. p 156) Emp owerment is the process by which managers delegate power to employees to motivate greater responsibility in balancing the achievement of both personal and organisational goals. (Ref.- Chapter 4: Motivation and Empowerment page 184French, R. ,et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour. Chichester: Wiley) By empowering employees this will make the staff more satisfied, productive and motivated throughout their working hours. Throughout the years many theorists have tried to explain what motivation is by designing theories describing how managers should stimulate their staff. (French, R. et al.,2008, Organizational Behaviour pp157-159) There are two main types of motivation theories content and process theories, the content theories look at the needs that individuals have, it includes 4 component theories: Maslows hierarchy of needs model, Alderfers modified need hierarchy model, McClellands achievement motivation theory and Herzbergs two-factor theories. The Process Theories are a understanding of the thought process that influence behaviour. The major process theories of motivation include Vrooms expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory and Adams equity theory. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p160) Abraham Maslow has a structure which he has called the hierarchy of needs. There are five basic needs, which people are supposed to uphold. These are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization.ÂÂ   (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p161) Physiological needs are food, drink, shelter and sex, Safety needs are the security and protection from physical and emotional harm. Social needs refer to a need for love. That means a person will strive for good relationships with people and a place within there group. .(Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) The needs that Maslow has at the bottom of the pyramid are based on basic needs concerned with survival or lower order need s, and these must be satisfied before a person can go to the next level on the hierarchy of needs until self actualization which Maslow argued that although everybody is able to, not many reach this level. (Wilson, F M (2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) While Maslows theory seems to make sense at first, there is little to show that a strict hierarchy works in every day working life. In fact research contradicts the order of needs because in some cultures they tend to put social needs before any other need. Maslows hierarchy also has trouble explaining cases such as the starving artist where a individual will neglect there physical needs to gain a spiritual need. Maslow also suggests that one need is satisfied at a time where there is no evidence this is true. In all motivation theories there are always advantages and disadvantages, Maslow has been critical of his theory himself, in a statement he said: My motivation theory was published 20 years ago and in all that time nobody repeated it, or tested, or really analyzed it or criticised it. They just used it, swallowed it whole with only the minor modification Ref- Wilson, F.M (2004). Organisational behaviour and work. Oxford University press, page146 (Lowry 1982:6 Clayton Alderfer proposed the ERG theory, which is very similar to Maslows theory, it also describes needs as a hierarchy. The letters ERG stand for three levels of needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. This theory is based on the work of Maslow, so it has a lot which is similar with it but it also differs in some important aspects. He argues that Maslows theory is not flexible and as a result of this people may become frustrated as they are not able to move to the next stage. Alderfer has minimized Maslows 5 level theories into 3 levels; this theory is more flexible as people are able to go up and down the hierarchy if their needs keep changing. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p160) Fredrick Herzbergs hygiene-motivation theory, Frederick Hertzberg put forward the idea that certain factors in the workplace cause job satisfaction, while others lead to dissatisfaction, he proposed the Two Factor theory of human motivation in the workplace, he believed that man has two sets of needs one as an animal to avoid pain and the second as a human being to grow psychologically. Hertzberg believes that the growth or the motivator factors such as achievement, the work its self, responsibility and advancement are the primary cause of job satisfaction. Hygiene factors the dissatisfiers using the term hygiene are considered maintenance factors that are to avoid dissatisfaction but by themselves do not provide satisfaction company policy, administration, supervision interpersonal relationships, working conditions salary status and security. Hertzberg used two open ended questions tell me about a time when you felt exceptionally good about your job. and tell me about a time when you felt exce ptionally bad about your job.Herzberg analysed a diverse range of employees twelve different investigations informed the theory.( Herzberg et al 1959,. Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) There have been many criticisms of this theory one being some researchers have used other methods and have not been able to confirm the theory there for the theory is said to be method-bound as only Hertzbergs original method is able to support the theory. Other critics found it to be too convenient that Hertzbergs theory fits so neatly into two boxes, intrinsic contributing to job satisfaction and extrinsic to dissatisfaction. In the study by Ewan (1963) found that sometimes the hygiene factor, dissatisfies acted as satisfiers and satisfiers, motivators caused both satisfaction and dissatisfaction. (Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) Looking briefly at the most well known motivational theories David McClelland Need for Achievement Theory proposed that an in dividuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by a persons life experiences. Most of the needs can be classed as achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation in a certain job is influenced by these three needs. McCelland believed that having the right resources available such as raw materials, time, having the right skills to do the job and also having the necessary support to get the job done like supervisor support, or correct information on the job, McCelland believed that even if two of the three were met that there would still not be positive motivation and all three must be met to achieve positive motivation. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour pp163- 165) The expectancy theory of motivation is by Victor Vroom. Victor Vroom is very different to Maslow and Hertzberg, Vroom focuses on outcomes not on needs. Expectancy is the belief that more effort will lead to better performance. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour pp17 2- 174) Looking closely at the theories of motivation I believe that there are multiple theories of motivation as there is neither a right or wrong theory all seem to out line the basics of motivation weather it is in a hierarchy or set in two boxes we all have a need for the basics in life plus achievement, recognition and we all would be happier and more motivated to work in better conditions, I believe that a person has each one of these needs at or maybe many at a time so there for many theories are essential to get a wider knowledge of motivation and how to motivate an individual at work. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Multiple theories of motivation in organisational behaviour" essay for you Create order

Plato s Republic A Practical Approach - 1904 Words

In Plato’s Republic, Socrates engages in a theoretical discussion to understand the nature of justice and virtues which ultimately will lead to the Form of the Good and happiness in the soul. Likewise, in Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle takes a practical approach to discern how to achieve Eudaimonia, the universal good, through virtues. Although they both agree that virtues are detrimental in attaining the good, they have different accounts of what â€Å"good† is, and have different means of achieving it. Socrates first discusses the proper virtues and functions in the individual by imploring a hypothetical ideal city state in order to discover what it takes to reach the Form of the Good. Using elenchus, Socrates and his fellow†¦show more content†¦It’s an agreement that the naturally better part should rule over the worse. The last virtue left is justice, which is doing one’s work and not involving themselves in other people’s practices, which gives way to the previous virtues mentioned. This is parallel to the soul, as there are three parts which are the appetitive, rational, and spirited. The appetitive part deals with desires, passions, and thirsts, while the rational part involves wisdom and reasoning on how to rule the soul, helping to combat the appetitive part. The spirited part works with the rational part of the soul to help control the appetites, and courage is found in spirit. We know what enrages us when we are treated unjustly. Temperance ar ises when the three parts of the soul agree that reason should rule, which promotes justice and the soul will be in harmony. Justice is concerned with a person’s inward self, and with the appropriate balance of the various parts of the soul. Justice is a natural harmony, and the person will be able to do just things if they maintain this internal state. Harmony of the soul promotes happiness, and a just person will live well. 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Health Information Exchange

Questions: 1. Discuss the impetus for health information exchange (HIE) in the United States 2. Describe basic HIE organizational structures, architectures, and services3. Reinforce the need for data stewardship in HIE services 4. Identify the state, regional, and local activities in achieving benefits and overcoming challenges for HIE organizations 5. Describe the federal government's concept of a nationwide health information network? Answers: 1. Health information exchange is the movement or mobilization of healthcare information electronically across different organizations that are within a community, hospital or regions and HIE also refers to that particular organization which facilitates this exchange. It also provides the capability to move the clinical information electronically among all the systems of care information along with the maintenance of this information that is being exchanged (Acker B et al (2007). The main aim of HIE is to facilitate the access and retrieval of the clinical data so as to provide a more timely, effective, efficient and safer patient care. 2. The centralized HIEs have a single clinical data repository that is usually maintained by the authorities of the HIE that are governed by the representatives of each of the member in the hospital. Thus the centralized architecture can be utilized on a regional basis for instance by hospital systems located in the same area (Adler-Milstein J et al (2009). The most interoperable HIE architecture is the centralized model costs that are mostly used to set up and maintain because it requires a large upfront investment in technology in the form of servers and which need to be monitored and stored in a secure and separate location. 3. There is a nationwide effort among the healthcare and information technology industries, relevant government agencies, employers, and consumers to establish or identify and authorize a national health data stewardship entity. This would ensure that rules for standards are established for uniform and data that health information technology (HIT) would enable the exchange of health information. This NHDSE would coordinate the bodies that support the life cycle and collection of data exchanged over electronic and other health information exchange (HIE) systems and the data is stored in a variety of registers (Burrington-Brown et al (2007). 4. Many recent federal policies support the adoption of HIE in order to improve healthcare by addressing the personal health information and also to concert the efforts for facilitating HIE that has existed for over two decades. Their experiences also include the challenges and barriers that are faced in association with the technology and without the new strategies the methods of HIE cannot address these barriers. 5. The nationwide health information network is defined as the set of standards, services, and policies that enable secure health information exchange over the Internet.This request for information is being issued to request public to draft proposals to the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology considering the anticipation of developing a notice and to establish a governance mechanism and also helps in the creation of a voluntary program under which entities that facilitate electronic health information exchange could be validated (Hripcsak G et al (2007). References Acker B, Birnbaum CL, Branden JH, et al.HIM principles in health information exchange.J AHIMA2007 Adler-Milstein J, Bates DW, Jha AK.U.S. Regional health information organizations: progress and challenges.Health Aff2009 Burrington-Brown, Jill; Hjort, Beth; Washington, Lydia. "Health Data Access, Use, and Control."Journal of AHIMA78, no.5 (May 2007) Hripcsak G, Kaushal R, Johnson KB, et al.The United Hospital fund meeting on evaluating health information exchange.J Biomed Inform2007

Wisconsins Labor Unions

Introduction Many state employees including teachers and government employees are protesting against a proposed legislation that seeks to curtail the collective bargaining rights of workers unions. They are also opposed to a move spearheaded by the Republican Governor, Scott Walker of raising employee’s contribution towards the pension scheme from 0.2 percent to 6 percent and increasing the health insurance contribution from 6% to 12%.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wisconsin’s Labor Unions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proponents of the proposed legislation, including Walker, support it as the best effort to solve the current economic crisis and avoid layoffs of public employees. The bill has the support of Republican lawmakers who have the numbers in both the state Assembly and the Senate to pass it. Once passed, the legislation will demand that the unions’ employees pay will be line wi th the guidelines of Consumer Price Index. The efforts of the protesters to stop the legislation from becoming law through labor unions represent a clear example of Marxist theory. The protesters want to avoid exploitation by protecting their collective bargaining rights. The Marxist concept of surplus value outlines how a capitalist economy exploits state employees. According to this theory, state employees can avoid exploitation through forming workers union that gives them effective bargaining rights since labor is the generator of value. Labor Theory of Value Karl Marx formulated the concept of surplus value to refer to the unpaid surplus labor claimed by enterprises as gross profit (Hollander 78). Marxist idea implies that capitalist states exploit state employees. He argues that the commodity value is derived from the labor value. The surplus labor reinvestment generates more wealth resulting to huge gross profits and thus, Marx concludes, capitalist states engage in business for profits. Marx argues that the accumulation of wealth in the 19th century by capitalist economies was because of competitive efforts to get the highest surplus value from the labor. This implies that capitalists were exploiting the workers on a massive scale leading to large-scale amassment of wealth by these states. Marxism holds that every person is justified in maintaining the fruits of his/her labor. However, he argues that the worker receives only the portion of labor that is basic for life while the remainder i.e. the surplus produce constitutes the profits accrued by capitalist enterprises. Marxist’s idea of surplus value led to the labor union programs to protect the rights of the workers from the perceived exploitation by capitalist states. Sociological Concepts Various social concepts explain the form of modern social and economic organizations in the world (Dillon 45). Disenchantment capitalism involves private ownerships of the markets, allocation of the resour ces and distribution of goods. The concept arose during the industrial revolution of the 16th century and enabled countries to exploit new colonies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new system led to an increase in the level of trade both domestic and multilateral trade between a state and its colonies. This amounted to exploitation of the colonies and the accumulation of wealth by the rich countries. The non-rewarding labor in the colonies necessitated uprisings against foreign governance. The sociological concept underscores the need of people coming together to push for common goals. For instance, workers working in a given organization might team to push for better payment. Better payment here plays as the denominator of these workers staying together for they pursue similar goals and objectives. Workers of an organization bond together through workers union so that t hey are enough force to make demands pertaining to their work conditions. In mechanical solidarity, the people feel connected based on mutual interests for a certain course. The mass protest of workers in Wisconsin shows that they are united by a common goal. The workers unions act as an umbrella body, which unites these workers and provides bargaining rights for them. Sociability involves the social interactions for different purposes not on personal purposes. People enter into any form of sociability with personal capacities, attractions, and interests with an objective purpose in mind (Dillon 47).The workers get into unions for personal and subjective gains. In sociability, the members are equal and are therefore democratic in nature. Sociability influences major decisions in the lives of the people. The sociological concept of world life focuses on a situation in which the world is experienced or lived. World life sociological concept provides the background environment that is responsible for an individual’s practices and attitudes. Wisconsin has had a history of passing regulations that promote the rights of workers like the collective bargaining legislation passed in 1959 that gave rise to a union that covers public employees. Therefore, the proposal to limit the effectiveness of the workers union faces opposition through mass protests. Conclusion The workers union offers an opportunity for the workers to have bargaining rights with the state. Marx’s theory of surplus labor led to the rise of workers union. However, unions based on various sociological concepts that shape their response towards any measures that will eliminate these unions unite people as seen by the protests in Wisconsin over the proposal to limit the role of workers unions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wisconsin’s Labor Unions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Dillon, Michele. In troduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their  Applicability to the Twenty-First Century. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2009. Hollander, Paul. The many Faces of Socialism: Comparative Sociology and  Politics. California: ICON group International, 2009. This essay on Wisconsin’s Labor Unions was written and submitted by user Cooper Hurley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Free MInd

of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.... Free Essays on Free MInd Free Essays on Free MInd In today’s society, the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence. Teens face many situations that cause these problems. Several factors are mass media, per pressure, and society’s view on the â€Å"perfect† person. Television, radio, and news papers are all ways of transferring messages to people. One might see a violent movie and decide to reenact the scenes thus causing harm to one’s self or to other. Hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. Teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts....

Problems at Perrier Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems at Perrier - Case Study Example Identify three drivers of change in organizations today and its impact on the organization’s need for an effective change management process. Drivers of change in organizations today can be internal or external. As a rule a company holds more sway over internal drivers than it does external, although employee turnover such as retirement, termination or death often disrupts organizations, especially at the senior levels. Three driving forces of change in organizations today include technological capacity, the economy and competition. Technological capacity is an example of an internal driver, which includes the forced outmoding of equipment such as an operating system upgrade or a technological invention that renders current equipment obsolete. The economy and competition are two examples of external drivers of change. Companies have very little control over the economy and their competitors. In both examples, a downturn or an aggressive move by a competitor can generate consid erable loss of revenue which can necessitate restructuring. 2. Discuss the typical reactions of employees to change and the related effects on the change management process. ... 3. Identify three key elements of the resistance to change described at Perrier. In the Perrier example, the employees resisted change on three key fronts: threat to loss of livelihood and revenue, â€Å"attachment to the current organizational structure and perceived breach of the psychological contract† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). The Perrier employees, most of whom belonged to the CGT union, viewed the Nestle takeover negatively and felt that the multinational company had no understanding or sensitivity to the importance of Perrier to the region it supported (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). Despite the fact that productivity remained low and competition for Perrier’s niche became fierce after Danone launched Badoit Rouge, workers and management maintained a confrontational relationship that undermined change attempts (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). â€Å"Perrier’s management put bottles of Badoit Rouge in the cafeteria. This had been done to emphasize the poi nt to Perrier employees that they were involved in a head-to-head battle for that niche in the market† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). The Perrier employees â€Å"took the bottles and dumped them in front of the factory director’s door, so he couldn’t get into his office† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). 4. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In doing so, identify three approaches to managing resistance you recommend and provide clear justification for your choice. A change management strategy involves a resistance profile that centers on the â€Å"likely resistors† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). In the Perrier case, the CGT union

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems - Essay Example Electronic payment systems (EPS) can be classified into four main categories namely Online Electronic Cash System, Online Credit Card Payment System, Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System and Electronic Cheque System. These categories can be compared using various features. In terms of actual payment time, electronic cash and smart cards are prepaid whereas online credit card payment and electronic cheque are post paid/paid later. In Online Credit Card Payment and Electonic cash, all transactions are online but offline transactions are allowed in electronic cheque and smart cards. In Online Credit Card Payment, payments are made by the credit account, in electronic cheque, it is done by the bank acount and in smart cards, it is done by the smart card account. In electronic cash, there is no involvement of a bank account (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). As for their users, online credit card is open for all legitimate users of credit card, electronic cash is open for everybody while electronic cheque and smart cards are open for anyone with a bank account. In addition, smart card is also open for anyone with a credit card account. Online credit card can partially be used in real world, electronic cash can only be used in virtual world, smart cards can be used in used in real and virtual world and electronic cheque is limited to real world although its checking count can be shared with real world. Online credit card and smart cards are mobile whereas electronic cash and electronic cheque are not mobile. Transactions costs for online credit card are high thus it is not suitable for small payments. As for electronic cash and smart cards, their transaction costs are but low hence they are suitable for low transactions. Online credit card, electronic cash and smart cards have high levels of user anonymity but it is not found in electronic cheque (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). I mostly use electronic cash because it is open for anyone and there is no